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Defensive realism is a tenable theory in the realm of international relations, although it is often incomplete and misunderstood. The international arena is characterized by monopolists of violence, which are not without authority, but rather operate in a polyarchical system [1]. This system is often likened to a cartel, where competing and cooperating authorities interact and influence one another [2]. The concept of anarchy in international relations is also flawed, as it fails to consider how and when states coordinate their actions, and the role of rules and institutions in shaping state behavior [3].

Offensive realism, on the other hand, is a theory that is often associated with the idea of states maximizing their relative power and security through aggressive means [4]. However, this approach has been criticized for being overly simplistic and failing to account for the complexities of international relations [5]. The concept of the security dilemma, which is central to defensive realism, is often misunderstood by offensive realists, who assume that states are primarily motivated by a desire for power and security [6].

The idea of a balance of power is also problematic, as it only leads to a very temporary stability that is ever-shifting and prone to conflict [7]. The British Empire's approach to maintaining stability through divide and rule ultimately led to its downfall. The United States' approach to globalization has been more successful in promoting peace and prosperity [8]. The concept of defensive realism is often seen as being incompatible with internationalism, but this is a misconception [9]. Defensive realism can be compatible with international institutions and collective security alliances, and can even be seen as a necessary component of a more peaceful and prosperous world [10].

In the context of the Middle East, the concept of defensive realism is particularly relevant [11]. Israel's approach to security is often seen as being driven by a desire for survival, rather than a desire to expand its territory or influence [12]. However, this approach is not necessarily incompatible with the idea of building coherent hegemony through multilateral institutions [13]. The idea of globalization promises not only survival but also prosperity, and this is why it has been successful in promoting peace and stability in the region [14].

In conclusion, defensive realism is a tenable theory that offers a more nuanced understanding of international relations than offensive realism [15]. The concept of anarchy is flawed, and the idea of a balance of power can lead to instability and conflict [16]. Defensive realism is compatible with internationalism, and can even be seen as a necessary component of a more peaceful and prosperous world [17]. The Middle East is a region where the concept of defensive realism is particularly relevant, and where the idea of building coherent hegemony through multilateral institutions is being pursued [18].

References:

[1] Robert Jervis, "The Study of International Politics," Security Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2 (winter 1995), 3-104.

[2] Glenn H. Snyder, "Process Variables in Neorealist Theory," Security Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3 (spring 1996), 167-182.

[3] Deborah L. Spar and David A. Welch, "Asset Specificity and Structural Theories of International Politics," (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 1-4 September 1994).

[4] John Mearsheimer, "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics," (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001).

[5] Kenneth Waltz, "The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4 (spring 1988), 615-628.

[6] Robert Jervis, "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma," World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1978), 167-214.

[7] Kenneth Waltz, "The Emerging Structure of International Politics," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2 (fall 1993), 44-79.

[8] John Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1 (summer 1990), 5-56.

[9] Robert Keohane, "International Institutions: Two Approaches," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4 (December 1988), 379-396.

[10] Joseph Nye, "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics," (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).

[11] Kenneth Waltz, "Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, No. 1 (spring 1990), 21-37.

[12] John Mearsheimer, "Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 266, No. 2

死亡

British intelligence quietly claiming Putin to be dead. If True, Lavrov should form transition government, blame Putin for everything, declare unilateral truce, and thus escape criminal liability for the war crimes. Whether any of that happened or will happen are a good questions. I cannot confirm Putin is dead. I do not think the British reports are disinformation. It looks like when Kadyrov shot down another civilian air liner he finally want too far and has been killed. Again, I cannot confirm this though the speculation is serious and logical.

Word off the Day: Rumor

Here are the translations for the word "rumor" and the example sentence:

* French: rumeur

* Spanish: rumor

* German: Gerücht

* Estonian: kuulujutt

* Ukrainian: чутка (chutka) - transliteration: chutka

* Russian: слух (slukh) - transliteration: slukh

* Chinese: 谣言 (yáoyán) - transliteration: yaoyan

**Translations for the example sentence: "There are always rumors that Putin has died":**

* French: Il y a toujours des rumeurs selon lesquelles Poutine est décédé.

* Spanish: Siempre hay rumores de que Putin ha muerto.

* German: Es gibt immer Gerüchte, dass Putin gestorben ist.

* Estonian: On alati kuulujutte, et Putin on surnud.

* Ukrainian: Завжди є чутки, що Путін помер (Zavzhdy ye chutky, shcho Putìn pomer) - transliteration: Zavzhdy ye chutky, shcho Putin pomer

* Russian: Всегда есть слухи, что Путин умер (Vsegda yest' slukhi, chto Putìn umer) - transliteration: Vsegda yest' slukhi, chto Putin umer

* Chinese: 总是有传言说普京已经去世 (Zǒngshì yǒu chuán yán shuō Pǔjīng yǐjīng qùshì) - transliteration: Zongshi you chuan yan shuo Pujing yijing quishi